Motion & Actuation
Joints, drives, transmissions, motors and feedback—normalized at the test-condition level.
RCI component taxonomy
Five linked layers define first-phase coverage. The 120 records are an editorial sample, not a market census or statistically representative product universe; inclusion reflects published-source availability and current audit priorities. That rule carries a known bias: manufacturers with transparent public documentation are over-represented, and the vendors whose specifications most need independent scrutiny—those that publish little—are under-represented. RCI treats this as open debt, not a neutral fact.
Joints, drives, transmissions, motors and feedback—normalized at the test-condition level.
Cameras, LiDAR, radar, inertial and tactile sensing—mapped with calibration and interface evidence.
Main computers, accelerators and real-time controllers—compared beyond headline TOPS.
Battery packs, BMS, conversion and charging—tracked with safety, thermal and duty-cycle conditions.
The mechanical, electrical, data, timing, thermal and software edges where components succeed or fail together.
The current sample spans actuation, vision, LiDAR, compute, power and interfaces. All 284 assessment records have claim mappings, covering 228 unique catalog claims: 14 supported and 214 inconclusive. A completed source-condition audit does not equal independent performance evidence.
Joints, drives, transmissions, motors and feedback—normalized at the test-condition level.
What is actually here right now: 7× Integrated planetary actuator · 6× Networked smart servo actuator · 5× Strain-wave gear unit · 3× Integrated rotary joint actuator · 3× Series-elastic integrated rotary actuator · 3× TTL networked smart servo actuator · 2× Integrated harmonic-drive rotary actuator · 2× Cycloidal precision reduction-gear component · 2× Low-voltage frameless brushless torque motor kit · 1× Networked industrial smart actuator · 1× Waterproof networked smart servo actuator · 1× Integrated high-ratio planetary actuator · 1× Integrated hollow-shaft planetary actuator · 1× Integrated brushless speed-controlled drive · 1× Low-voltage frameless hollow-shaft servo motor kit · 1× Frameless brushless DC motor kit · 1× Four-pole brushless DC servomotor · 1× Low-voltage single-axis FOC servo drive · 1× Miniature PCB-mount servo drive. Subcategories listed on the category page but absent above have zero current records.
A field-oriented modular actuator whose official datasheet separates continuous torque from peak torque and publishes environmental and sensing information.
A compact networked servo whose highest torque figure is explicitly a stall value at a specified voltage and current—not a continuous joint rating.
A low-ratio integrated actuator marketed for legged robots, exoskeletons and AGVs with rated and peak torque published separately.
A current MYACTUATOR V4 module whose page publishes rated, peak, speed, mass, back-drive, backlash and control-accuracy values through an embedded technical-parameter image.
A current T8+ series-elastic module with continuous and peak torque separated in the same family table.
A higher-torque H-Series module with a harmonic reducer, published continuous torque and an optional fail-locked brake.
A 24 V DYNAMIXEL-P actuator whose continuous values are published but explicitly calculated from the core-motor specification.
A compact current-controllable servo whose page explicitly warns that the headline stall torque is not a continuous rating.
A 24/48 V low-ratio actuator whose rated speed is published separately for the two supply voltages.
A larger AK-series module with dual encoders and distinct rated, peak and no-load rows in the same comparison source.
A high-speed T8+ series-elastic configuration with continuous and peak torque kept separate.
A larger T-Series configuration with 20 N·m continuous torque and a 20 mm through-bore.
A 45 N·m continuous H-Series configuration with published angular accuracy and an optional fail-locked brake.
A compact high-speed DYNAMIXEL whose voltage-specific stall and no-load endpoints are explicitly not continuous ratings.
An IP68 DYNAMIXEL with high reduction and voltage-specific stall torque, kept outside continuous-torque comparisons.
A high-ratio AK actuator with 48 N·m rated torque and a published manufacturer backlash figure.
A hollow-shaft 6:1 module with a separately published radial-load figure for routing through the joint.
The exact TurtleBot3 Burger actuator identity with voltage-conditioned stall and no-load-speed claims. The official manual explicitly warns that stall torque is not continuous output or real-world performance.
The exact six-unit DYNAMIXEL LeKiwi leader-arm actuator identity. Its official e-Manual publishes voltage-conditioned stall torque and no-load speed while leaving continuous thermal output and robot-level validation unknown.
The exact four-unit DYNAMIXEL LeKiwi follower-arm actuator identity. Its higher reduction changes the voltage-conditioned stall and no-load endpoints without supplying a continuous thermal rating.
An exact size-and-ratio gear-unit record. Published torque and stiffness values remain rating-table claims, not an RCI robot-joint duty-cycle, thermal, life or backlash test.
The order number, enclosure and control-input variant are retained. The record describes a compact integrated drive, not a complete robot joint with gearing, bearing, feedback, brake or independent thermal validation.
The RV-20E size and ratio-57 row are kept together so ratings from another ratio or RV product form cannot silently migrate into this record. It remains a customer-integrated reducer component, not a complete robot joint or actuator.
The full catalog example configuration freezes frame, stack, winding, thermal-device, sensor, connection, field and custom fields. Published torque is retained with winding-temperature rise, ambient, housing, heatsink and sinusoidal-commutation conditions.
This record freezes the TTL “T” communication suffix used by the TurtleBot3 Waffle Pi BOM. The official page combines T/R mechanical performance, so RCI carries only the explicitly suffix-specific TTL interface into this exact T record and keeps stall torque separate from continuous output.
The joint module Unitree uses twelve of in the Go1 quadruped, sold as a standalone actuator. The official page publishes maximum torque and speed as endpoints tied to the 6.33 reduction ratio and a 24°C measurement note; no continuous or thermally rated torque envelope is published.
This record freezes the third beta revision of the mjbots quasi-direct-drive servo. The official page is unusually explicit about torque-versus-time behaviour, publishing a four-step torque-duration ladder down to an indefinite 3.3 N·m point under one stated thermal condition. The page also states the unit is not currently stocked and carries a 50-unit minimum order.
This record freezes the CAN-bus, no-brake product code RMD-X8-P9-25-C-N. The official details page states the previous name of this actuator was RMD-X8 Pro 1:9 and today lists it under the V2 single-encoder generation, not V3; the RS-485 code RMD-X8-P9-25-R-N shares the same parameter table. Unusually for this vendor, the parameter image defines the rated-torque test method as a thermal-balance long-term working point.
This record freezes the 7.4 V-class variant ST-3215-C001 of the STS3215 family and preserves the official page’s voltage wording exactly: the title and description market the servo as “7.4V 19KG”, while the specification table states an operating voltage range of 6-7.4V and attaches its only stall-torque figure, 19.5kg.cm, to 6V. RCI does not resolve this internal tension (documented voltage-conflict note RCI 049). The 12 V variant ST-3215-C018 is a separate record.
This record freezes the 12 V-class variant ST-3215-C018 of the STS3215 family as a separate record from the 7.4 V-class ST-3215-C001, demonstrating the variant-split rule. The official page markets the servo as “12V 30KG” while its specification table states an operating voltage range of 4-14V; RCI preserves both statements without resolving them.
This record freezes the 24 V column of the official V1.2 user manual; the manual publishes 24 V and 48 V variants side by side and RCI carries 48 V-only values solely as variant notes. The current hardware revision on the official dmBots repository is V1.2 (the V1.0 manual is filed with a discontinued marker), so the informal “DM4310 V4” designation is not used. There is no “V4” revision on the official surface.
An exact size-and-ratio gear-unit record frozen from the official exact-model page. Rated, average, repeated-peak and momentary-peak torques are four separately conditioned catalog values and are transcribed separately; none of them is an RCI robot-joint duty-cycle, thermal or life result.
An exact size-and-ratio gear-unit record for the high-torque CSG unit family, frozen from the official exact-model page. All torque figures remain separately conditioned rating-table claims, not RCI robot-joint measurements.
The RV-25N size and the ratio-81 selection column are kept together so ratings from another ratio or RV product form cannot silently migrate into this record. Rated torque is defined at the published rated output speed; the acceleration/deceleration and momentary maxima are separate allowable values with their own conditions.
The official LCS page publishes a series-size-ratio parameter grid without one orderable purchase code, so this record freezes the grid coordinates size 20, ratio 100. All values are Leaderdrive catalog-table claims; substitution for or interchangeability with any other manufacturer’s strain-wave product is not established by this record.
The official FSS page publishes a series-size-ratio specification grid with per-build weights but no single orderable purchase code, so this record freezes the grid coordinates size 20, ratio 100. Rated torque is explicitly defined at 2,000 r/min input. Substitution for or interchangeability with any other manufacturer’s strain-wave product is not established by this record.
This record freezes the 50 mm frame, 12.7 mm stack, A-winding TBM2G size with the standard NNAA-00 option string (no thermal device, no Halls, 0.5 m leads, standard field, custom code 00), clearly separated from the already-cataloged TBM2G-07608 size. Published torque values carry their winding-temperature-rise, ambient, housing, heatsink and sinusoidal-commutation conditions.
This record freezes the 85 mm diameter, 13-class stack size of the ILM-E series in the star-serial interconnection published in the official data sheet. Rated torque carries the manufacturer condition that thermal behavior depends strongly on the installation situation, and peak torque carries its 20%-deviation-from-linearity definition.
This record freezes maxon ordering number 734439 from the current EC frameless DT range; the older EC frameless flat parts (for example 548273 and 588849) are marked NRND in the same catalog and are deliberately not selected. Values are the catalog figures at 48 V nominal voltage; stall figures are electrical endpoints, not thermal ratings.
This record freezes the 24 V winding of the Series 3268 … BX4 (62 W, 96 mNm series headline). Datasheet values are at 22 °C and nominal voltage; the continuous ratings are the manufacturer-calculated rated values with the Rth2 thermal resistance reduced by 25%, and stall torque is kept separate from the continuous rating.
This record covers the ODrive Pro servo drive with drive-specific fields: DC bus voltage range, cooling-conditioned continuous and peak phase-current ratings, and published interface and encoder-support lists. The official datasheet and the official shop page publish different voltage and continuous-current boundaries; both are recorded and the conflict is left unresolved.
This record freezes the 25 A / 100 V rating point of the Gold Twitter family from the official product page, which publishes numeric model-level tables without a form gate. Continuous current is carried in both amplitude and RMS forms as published, and the peak rating is recorded exactly as the published 2 × Ic multiple because no duration is stated on the cited page.
Cameras, LiDAR, radar, inertial and tactile sensing—mapped with calibration and interface evidence.
What is actually here right now: 5× 3D LiDAR · 4× Stereo depth camera · 2× Stereo camera · 1× Time-of-flight 3D camera · 1× 2D LiDAR · 1× Rugged stereo depth camera · 1× Long-range stereo depth camera · 1× Rugged GMSL2 stereo camera · 1× Non-repetitive scanning 3D LiDAR · 1× Long-range panoramic 3D LiDAR family · 1× Wide-vertical-FOV panoramic 3D LiDAR · 1× Industrial time-of-flight 3D camera · 1× Multi-layer panoramic 3D LiDAR · 1× Magnetic rotary position sensor · 1× Six-axis inertial measurement unit · 1× Two-dimensional triangulation LiDAR · 1× Autofocus camera module without IR-cut filter · 1× GigE machine-vision color camera · 1× Industrial color structured-light 3D camera · 1× Automotive-grade mid-range digital LiDAR. Subcategories listed on the category page but absent above have zero current records.
A wide-field stereo camera whose current product page and V1.6 datasheet differ on the lower ideal-range boundary while separating theoretical reach and spatial precision.
A rugged GMSL2 stereo camera whose V1.2 depth range and accuracy claims remain separated by the ordered 2.2 mm or 4 mm lens option.
A 32-channel panoramic mid-range LiDAR with separate instrument range, reflectivity-conditioned capability and return-mode point rates.
A configurable 2D LiDAR family whose range, resolution and scan rate vary together by model and sensing profile.
The 2.1 mm ZED 2i variant, kept separate from the 4 mm option because range, FOV and accuracy claims differ materially.
A long-range active-stereo system with mode-specific working and optimal ranges plus a plane-fit RMS value whose datasheet label is broader than the described metric.
The wide-angle 2.2 mm ZED X Mini variant, isolated from other lens options because its maximum range, ideal range and depth-accuracy cells differ.
A 128-channel near-field sensor with current official conflicts in point rate and mass, plus channel-specific, light-bounded range conditions.
An exact multiScan136 ordering-code record with reflectivity and ambient-light range conditions attached.
The exact IMU identity in the OpenAMR component table, preserved together with the source-reported MPU-6050 silkscreen conflict and without treating the IC specification as mounted-system calibration evidence.
The A1M8 product boundary associated with the OpenAMR LiDAR row. No exact Robot-to-Component relation is asserted until the responsibility party resolves its “probable A1M8” sticker caveat.
The exact standard-field-of-view NoIR camera named by OpenAMR, separated from standard IR-filtered and wide-angle Camera Module 3 variants.
The exact color suffix is retained. Sensor and acquisition specifications do not prove lens choice, calibration, host timing, illumination, image quality or robot perception performance.
The exact M60 SKU, revisioned datasheet and conditioned accuracy definitions are retained. Typical precision is not generalized outside the published distance, temperature, lighting, aperture, gain, engine and warm-up conditions.
Main computers, accelerators and real-time controllers—compared beyond headline TOPS.
What is actually here right now: 3× Embedded AI system-on-module · 2× Embedded compute module · 2× Robotics development platform · 2× Industrial system-on-module · 1× Rugged edge-AI computer · 1× Fanless edge-AI computer · 1× Industrial edge-AI computer · 1× Fanless edge AI computer · 1× Fanless Jetson Orin NX edge computer family · 1× Jetson AGX Orin machine-vision computer · 1× Compact Jetson Orin NX edge computer · 1× Industrial wireless system-on-module · 1× Open-source robot control board · 1× Single-board computer · 1× Microcontroller development board · 1× Single-board computer family · 1× Embedded processor · 1× Adaptive edge-compute system-on-module · 1× DIN-rail embedded industrial PC. Subcategories listed on the category page but absent above have zero current records.
A high-end Jetson module whose headline TOPS value is an INT8 sparse throughput claim and must be paired with its power mode and workload precision.
A general-purpose embedded compute module with unusually long published production availability and flexible carrier-board integration.
A robotics platform emphasizing heterogeneous imaging and AI pipelines rather than a directly comparable single TOPS headline.
A complete industrial computer that adds wide-input power, rugged I/O and expansion around an AGX Orin module; module TOPS must not be mistaken for whole-system performance.
A rugged complete computer offered with 32 GB and 64 GB AGX Orin variants, making ordered configuration part of every comparison.
An industrial Jetson system whose robotics value comes from exposed CAN, serial, Ethernet and digital I/O in addition to module AI throughput.
An industrial SoM whose real-time core, CAN-FD and maintained OS ecosystem may matter more to a robot controller than a large TOPS headline.
A compact Jetson module whose current Super headline must be separated into sparse and dense INT8 throughput and tied to software and power mode.
A widely deployed embedded module with a public production commitment and explicit standard versus extended temperature variants.
A low-power industrial SoM that exposes real-time and CAN-FD integration features rather than a neural-accelerator headline.
A compact Orin NX system whose system-level ports and input range are distinct from the underlying Jetson module capabilities.
An entry Orin module whose Super-mode figures require JetPack 6.2 and a compatible power and thermal configuration.
A legacy-generation robotics development platform retained as a distinct record from the newer RB3 Gen 2 family.
A rugged Orin NX system family whose memory, CPU and optional GMSL configuration depend on ordering code.
A camera-dense AGX Orin system with twelve PoE ports, dual CAN FD and a constrained 19–24 V input range.
A compact Orin NX system with dual CAN and preinstalled NVMe storage; its published TOPS figure predates later Super-mode tables.
An i.MX95 Verdin configuration whose public revision table exposes active EOL and replacement churn rather than hiding it.
The revision-bounded Raspberry Pi 5 identity published by OpenAMR. Raspberry Pi’s current product page supports family-level specifications; it does not by itself provide a Rev 1.1 change manifest or prove the selected OpenAMR unit.
The exact real-time controller named by the OpenAMR responsibility-party component table, separated from the processor identity and from any flashed firmware or carrier wiring.
The family-level product identity used by LeKiwi, TrotBot and optional AlohaMini configurations. It is deliberately separate from the OpenAMR-specific Rev 1.1 record and does not infer a board revision from a RAM label.
The exact tray ordering code, spec code and stepping are attached to the processor record. Processor specifications do not identify a carrier board, BIOS, memory population, cooling system or robot workload.
The commercial-grade part number is separated from the industrial variant and from Kria starter kits. Product-page architecture claims do not prove a complete robot carrier, thermal design, firmware image or sustained workload.
The exact -0100 order suffix is retained: no operating system and no TwinCAT are included. CPU-module specifications do not establish a complete real-time robot controller, I/O terminal set, licenses or deterministic performance.
Battery packs, BMS, conversion and charging—tracked with safety, thermal and duty-cycle conditions.
What is actually here right now: 4× Smart lithium-ion battery pack · 2× 21700 lithium-ion cell · 2× Rechargeable lithium-ion battery pack · 1× Rugged smart lithium-ion battery pack · 1× Removable smart lithium-ion battery pack · 1× Legacy removable smart lithium-ion battery pack · 1× High-power cylindrical lithium-ion cell · 1× Multicell battery monitoring and balancing IC · 1× Isolated regulated DC-DC converter module. Subcategories listed on the category page but absent above have zero current records.
A standardized smart battery pack with published electrical, thermal, communication and mechanical limits.
A compact smart pack with a published energy figure, connector family and UN 38.3 documentation link.
A high-power cell record included to make the cell-versus-pack boundary explicit; it is not a drop-in robot battery.
A current-generation 10.8 V smart pack whose public page also records an 800-cycle retention condition and separate charge/discharge temperatures.
A 98 Wh hot-swap-oriented smart pack with a capacity test method and a documented replacement relationship to earlier 2054 variants.
A 5 Ah high-power cell whose 60 A headline remains a cell-level claim, not a protected robot-pack output rating.
A compact 7.2 V smart pack with a published 9.5 A discharge ceiling and transport/safety standards list.
A 95 Wh legacy smart pack whose product page explicitly recommends newer NH-series choices for new designs.
A 4.2 Ah high-power cell with an unusually explicit manufacturer warning about unauthorized retail channels.
A battery-monitoring IC relevant to robot pack design whose public datasheet quantifies ADC, balancing and communication boundaries, while the cited humanoid transient article does not release raw traces or a complete test method.
The full order code and temperature grade are retained. Electrical ratings do not prove one robot battery, harness, filter, thermal path, protection design or transient-load result.
The exact pack part number, electrical limits and connector are retained. The pack is not presented as a robot drop-in battery because charger, fuse, enclosure, duty, telemetry and system-safety evidence remain separate.
The mechanical, electrical, data, timing, thermal and software edges where components succeed or fail together.
What is actually here right now: 2× USB-to-CAN FD interface · 1× USB-to-CAN interface · 1× Rugged USB-to-CAN FD interface · 1× Single-channel USB-to-CAN FD interface · 1× Single-channel Ethernet-to-CAN interface · 1× Single-channel PCI Express classical-CAN interface · 1× Single-channel USB classical-CAN interface · 1× CAN/LIN network interface · 1× USB-to-CAN/CAN FD interface · 1× DIN-rail unmanaged Fast Ethernet switch. Subcategories listed on the category page but absent above have zero current records.
A dual-channel CAN FD interface with a small but material minimum-bitrate conflict between two current official documents.
A dual-channel classical-CAN adapter whose selected product specification does not claim CAN FD, making protocol-generation boundaries explicit.
A compact single-channel CAN FD adapter with both ISO and non-ISO modes, but no numeric timestamp resolution in the selected public specification.
A current single-channel CAN FD adapter identified by Kvaser as the successor generation to Leaf Light HS v2.
A network-attached classical-CAN interface that broadens the comparison beyond USB while preserving its lack of CAN FD.
An internal PCIe classical-CAN interface whose selected product page omits numeric timestamp resolution.
A compact classical-CAN adapter with quantified isolation but only qualitative timestamp language in the selected documents.
This deliberately narrow record proves current exact-model support surfaces without copying unverified channel, connector or timestamp specifications from third-party manual mirrors.
The USB-A order number is separated from the USB-C variant. Bus-rate, isolation and timestamp specifications do not establish a robot protocol, cabling, termination or end-to-end synchronized latency.
The standard-temperature eight-copper-port EDS-2008-EL is separated from fiber and -T variants. Industrial Ethernet support and QoS controls do not establish deterministic robot-control latency, synchronization, redundancy or cybersecurity.