{
  "title": "L99BM114 BMS Evidence: 159 Datasheet Pages, Two Transient Plots, Zero Raw Traces",
  "rciNumber": "RCI 028",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "released": "2026-08-10",
  "canonical": "https://robotcomponentindex.com/research/l99bm114-bms-evidence-audit/",
  "scope": "Exact-model public-evidence audit for the STMicroelectronics L99BM114 battery-monitoring and balancing IC. RCI checked responsible-party product, datasheet and evaluation-board surfaces and separately audited a manufacturer-authored humanoid-robot article. RCI did not design a BMS, build a battery pack or reproduce the transient test.",
  "sources": {
    "product": {
      "title": "STMicroelectronics L99BM114 product page",
      "url": "https://www.st.com/en/power-management/l99bm114.html",
      "role": "responsible-party product identity, status, headline features and order code",
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    "datasheet": {
      "title": "L99BM114 multicell battery monitoring and balancing IC datasheet",
      "url": "https://www.st.com/resource/en/datasheet/l99bm114.pdf",
      "documentNumber": "DS14722",
      "revision": "Rev 1",
      "publicationDate": "2024-07",
      "pageCount": 159,
      "sha256": "13514f854006c759bcc5858f50e852cbece3c1e9b769cb90685a4575f554b007",
      "role": "responsible-party electrical characteristics, conditions and operating behavior",
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    "evaluationBoard": {
      "title": "STEVAL-BMS114 evaluation board",
      "url": "https://www.st.com/en/evaluation-tools/steval-bms114.html",
      "userManualUrl": "https://www.st.com/resource/en/user_manual/um3423-getting-started-with-the-battery-management-system-bms-evaluation-board-based-on-the-l99bm114-stmicroelectronics.pdf",
      "role": "responsible-party evaluation ecosystem; not the reported humanoid transient bench",
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    "manufacturerArticle": {
      "title": "Battery Management Accuracy Strengthens Humanoid Robot Reliability",
      "url": "https://www.powersystemsdesign.com/articles/battery-management-accuracy-strengthens-humanoid-robot-reliability/97/23731",
      "publisher": "Power Systems Design",
      "publicationDate": "2026-06-22",
      "authors": [
        "Giusy Gambino",
        "Salvatore Cannavacciuolo",
        "Andrea Botta",
        "Luigi Di Turi"
      ],
      "authorAffiliation": "STMicroelectronics, Italy",
      "role": "manufacturer-authored application evidence; not an independent test",
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    "zenodoMirror": {
      "recordUrl": "https://zenodo.org/records/21792043",
      "doi": "10.5281/zenodo.21792043",
      "conceptDoi": "10.5281/zenodo.21792042",
      "created": "2026-08-04",
      "fileCount": 1,
      "declaredMetadataLicense": "CC BY 4.0",
      "rightsBoundary": "The journal page says all rights reserved, while the later Zenodo record declares CC BY 4.0. RCI did not establish the depositor's authority or a rights chain for the journal-form PDF and does not mirror it."
    }
  },
  "independentAudit": {
    "method": "RCI reviewed the current ST product page, rendered and visually checked the title and relevant electrical-characteristic pages of the 159-page datasheet, computed its SHA-256, checked the official evaluation-board surface, read the complete public manufacturer-authored article, and compared the article's disclosure against the datasheet's acquisition and conversion boundaries. RCI did not copy source figures or tables and did not perform electrical testing.",
    "datasheetPages": 159,
    "datasheetPagesVisuallySpotChecked": [
      1,
      40,
      44,
      45
    ],
    "transientPlotCount": 2,
    "rawTransientTraceFileCount": 0,
    "instrumentMakeModelCount": 0,
    "publicCalibrationRecordCount": 0,
    "acquisitionSampleRateCount": 0,
    "publishedFilterConfigurationCount": 0,
    "numericTransientErrorMetricCount": 0,
    "independentExactModelRobotValidationCount": 0,
    "physicalTestPerformedByRci": false,
    "sourceFiguresRedistributedByRci": false
  },
  "observations": [
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S01",
      "field": "series_cell_count",
      "value": "4–14",
      "unit": "cells",
      "condition": "Per L99BM114 device",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Features and device overview",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Does not establish complete-pack architecture or pack voltage compatibility."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S02",
      "field": "battery_stack_voltage",
      "value": "64",
      "unit": "V max",
      "condition": "Headline device boundary",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Features",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Pin-level and application-circuit limits still govern."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S03",
      "field": "cell_voltage_range",
      "value": "0.1–5.0",
      "unit": "V",
      "condition": "VCELL electrical-characteristics interval",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Table 39",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Retain supply, temperature and acquisition conditions."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S04",
      "field": "cell_voltage_resolution",
      "value": "89",
      "unit": "µV",
      "condition": "Datasheet design information; not tested",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Table 39",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-design-information",
      "rciBoundary": "ADC resolution is not system accuracy."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S05",
      "field": "cell_voltage_accuracy_plus_drift",
      "value": "±2",
      "unit": "mV",
      "condition": "VCELL 3.2–4.3 V; ambient −40 to +105°C",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Table 39",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Not a transient current-tracking metric."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S06",
      "field": "current_adc",
      "value": "18-bit; ±150 mV differential input",
      "unit": null,
      "condition": "Shunt-current channel",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Features and current-ADC characteristics",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "System current range depends on shunt and analog design."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S07",
      "field": "illustrative_current_range",
      "value": "±1500",
      "unit": "A",
      "condition": "0.1 mΩ shunt; application-only; not tested",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Current-ADC electrical characteristics",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-application-illustration",
      "rciBoundary": "Not a verified BMS, conductor, connector or robot-pack current rating."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S08",
      "field": "current_input_error",
      "value": "±0.3 mV within ±60 mV; ±0.5% outside to ±150 mV",
      "unit": null,
      "condition": "Datasheet differential-input intervals and test conditions",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Current-ADC electrical characteristics",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Requires shunt tolerance, temperature and full signal-chain uncertainty for system accuracy."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S09",
      "field": "current_conversion_time",
      "value": "328.25",
      "unit": "µs typ.",
      "condition": "Design information; not tested",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Current-ADC electrical characteristics",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-design-information",
      "rciBoundary": "Not an end-to-end controller or telemetry latency."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S10",
      "field": "voltage_filter_window",
      "value": "290 µs–148.48 ms",
      "unit": null,
      "condition": "Programmable cell-voltage ADC filter selections",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Voltage-ADC filtering and timing tables",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Selected filter setting was not published for the two article plots."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S11",
      "field": "synchronized_sampling",
      "value": "On-demand voltage conversion waits for a useful current sample",
      "unit": null,
      "condition": "Delay can extend to TCYCLEADC_CUR; synchronized current sample stored in CUR_INST_Synch",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "On-demand acquisition sequence",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-operating-description",
      "rciBoundary": "This documented timing boundary prevents an unqualified zero-system-latency conclusion."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S12",
      "field": "passive_balance_current",
      "value": "Up to 200",
      "unit": "mA/cell",
      "condition": "Junction-temperature and thermal limits apply",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Balancing features and thermal guidance",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Not a complete balancing-rate or pack thermal result."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S13",
      "field": "communication",
      "value": "2.66 Mbit/s isolated daisy chain; SPI up to 5 MHz; up to 31 devices",
      "unit": null,
      "condition": "Manufacturer interface boundaries",
      "source": "product",
      "sourceLocation": "Key features",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Does not establish system bus utilization, isolation implementation or fault recovery."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-S14",
      "field": "operating_temperature",
      "value": "−40 to +105",
      "unit": "°C ambient",
      "condition": "Datasheet operating range",
      "source": "datasheet",
      "sourceLocation": "Operating conditions",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-specification",
      "rciBoundary": "Individual accuracy and thermal conditions still apply."
    }
  ],
  "transientClaims": [
    {
      "id": "RCI028-T01",
      "direction": "discharge",
      "reportedStep": "250 A",
      "reportedDuration": "450 s",
      "tracesDescribed": [
        "active-load reference",
        "external INA path",
        "L99BM114 AFE path"
      ],
      "source": "manufacturerArticle",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-authored plotted claim",
      "reportedConclusion": "Near-overlap / near-zero deviation described qualitatively",
      "rciBoundary": "No downloadable trace, reference make/model, calibration, sample rate, filter setting or numeric error statistic was published."
    },
    {
      "id": "RCI028-T02",
      "direction": "charge",
      "reportedStep": "approximately −135 A",
      "reportedDuration": "450 s",
      "tracesDescribed": [
        "active-load reference",
        "external INA path",
        "L99BM114 AFE path"
      ],
      "source": "manufacturerArticle",
      "evidenceRole": "manufacturer-authored plotted claim",
      "reportedConclusion": "Near-overlap / near-zero deviation described qualitatively",
      "rciBoundary": "No downloadable trace, reference make/model, calibration, sample rate, filter setting or numeric error statistic was published."
    }
  ],
  "latencyBoundary": {
    "articleStatement": "The manufacturer-authored article describes no software, phase or propagation latency in qualitative terms.",
    "datasheetBoundary": "The datasheet separately documents a typical current-conversion time of 328.25 µs as design information, programmable voltage-filter windows and an on-demand synchronization wait up to TCYCLEADC_CUR.",
    "assessment": "not-directly-comparable-terms",
    "conclusion": "RCI does not call this a formal contradiction because the article does not publish the latency definition, reference point, resolution or acquisition configuration. It also does not repeat an unqualified zero-latency claim."
  },
  "rightsBoundary": {
    "stTermsUrl": "https://www.st.com/content/st_com/en/about/terms-of-use.html",
    "publisherStatus": "Power Systems Design page marked all rights reserved when checked",
    "zenodoStatus": "Later record metadata declares CC BY 4.0, but depositor authority and rights chain for the journal-form PDF were not established",
    "rciTreatment": "No source PDF, figure, table or plot is mirrored. RCI publishes minimal facts, document hashes, disclosure counts and original analysis with direct links."
  },
  "limitations": [
    "RCI did not obtain or inspect the original bench data, instrument logs, firmware/configuration export or analysis code.",
    "The two plots are manufacturer-authored evidence and cannot be relabelled as independent exact-model validation.",
    "Datasheet design-information entries marked not tested remain manufacturer design information, not production-unit measurements by RCI.",
    "The L99BM114 is a monitoring IC, not a complete BMS, battery pack, protection system or humanoid power architecture.",
    "The exact public rights chain for the later Zenodo copy is unresolved; its metadata declaration is not used to override the publisher page.",
    "Public-source absence is bounded to the cited surfaces and verification date; a non-public test package may exist."
  ],
  "suggestedCitation": "Robot Component Index. “L99BM114 BMS Evidence: 159 Datasheet Pages, Two Transient Plots, Zero Raw Traces.” RCI 028, research dataset version 0.1.0, 2026-08-10. https://robotcomponentindex.com/research/l99bm114-bms-evidence-audit/"
}