{
  "title": "RCI Robot Actuator Backlash and Motion-Error Claim Audit",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "released": "2026-08-10",
  "catalogVersion": "0.4.4",
  "canonical": "https://robotcomponentindex.com/research/actuator-backlash-claims-audit/",
  "methodology": "https://robotcomponentindex.com/methodology/",
  "rightsNotice": "RCI provides the original record selection, terminology boundary, unit arithmetic, method-disclosure audit and editorial analysis. Linked manufacturer documents, product images and marks retain their respective rights. Verify every value against the linked source before design, safety or procurement use.",
  "rankingBoundary": "No cross-model ranking is published because sign conventions, inequality boundaries, categorical wording and test methods are not harmonized.",
  "recordCount": 18,
  "recordsWithMotionQualityLanguage": 18,
  "recordsWithExplicitBacklashStatement": 15,
  "recordsWithNumericBacklash": 13,
  "recordsWithCategoricalZeroBacklash": 2,
  "recordsWithQualitativeLanguageOnly": 3,
  "recordsWithAccuracyValue": 4,
  "recordsWithAppliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithReversalProcedureDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithOutputReferenceDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithInstrumentDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithTestTemperatureDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithConditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithMetricDefinitionDisclosed": 0,
  "recordsWithCompleteBacklashMethod": 0,
  "recordsWithExplicitLostMotion": 0,
  "recordsWithExplicitTransmissionError": 0,
  "recordsWithExplicitRepeatability": 0,
  "statementBoundaryCounts": {
    "numeric-backlash": 13,
    "categorical-zero-backlash": 2,
    "qualitative-only": 3
  },
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-r8-9-plus",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-r8-9-plus",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-r8-9-plus",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "R8-9+",
      "hardwareBoundary": "R8-9+ column in the current R-Series+ family table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "±0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "plus-minus"
      },
      "accuracy": {
        "label": "Angular accuracy",
        "displayedValue": "±0.2°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.2,
        "qualifier": "plus-minus",
        "scope": "Manufacturer angular-accuracy row"
      },
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash and angular-accuracy rows.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The ± sign is preserved. Neither row defines the load, reversal procedure, output reference, instrument, temperature, conditioning or metric calculation.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI R+ Actuator Datasheet",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/R-Series%2BDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, R8-9+ column and family-wide merged rows",
        "revision": "Updated 2025-03-13"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-robotis-xh540-w270-r",
      "componentId": "cmp-robotis-xh540-w270-r",
      "componentSlug": "robotis-xh540-w270-r",
      "manufacturer": "ROBOTIS",
      "model": "XH540-W270-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "XH540-W270-T/R family row; R suffix uses RS-485",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "15 arcmin / 0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin / °",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The equivalent units are preserved; the page does not disclose a backlash test method or output-angle accuracy value.",
      "source": {
        "title": "ROBOTIS XH540-W270-T/R e-Manual",
        "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/dxl/x/xh540-w270/",
        "location": "Specifications, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-ak80-9-v3",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-ak80-9-v3",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-ak80-9-v3",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AK80-9 V3.0 KV100",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AK80-9 V3.0 KV100 current product-specific table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "15 arcmin",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "RCI converts 15 arcmin to 0.25° only as unit arithmetic; no method or uncertainty is supplied.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AK80-9 V3.0 KV100 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/ak80-9-v3-0-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Product-specific specification table, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-myactuator-x8-32-v4",
      "componentId": "cmp-myactuator-x8-32-v4",
      "componentSlug": "myactuator-x8-32-v4",
      "manufacturer": "MYACTUATOR",
      "model": "RMD-X8-P9-32-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "Current X8-32 V4 product page and its embedded Technical Parameters image",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "≤10 arcmin",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.166667,
        "qualifier": "upper-bound"
      },
      "accuracy": {
        "label": "Control accuracy",
        "displayedValue": "<0.01°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.01,
        "qualifier": "less-than",
        "scope": "Manufacturer control-accuracy row"
      },
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric upper-bound backlash and control-accuracy rows in an image-based table.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The inequality directions are preserved. The image has no visible revision and supplies no metric definition or reproducible test setup.",
      "source": {
        "title": "MYACTUATOR V4 X8-32 Details",
        "url": "https://www.myactuator.com/x8-32-details",
        "location": "Technical Parameters image embedded on the current product page"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-t8-16-plus",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-t8-16-plus",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-t8-16-plus",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "T8-16+",
      "hardwareBoundary": "T8-16+ column in the T-Series+ family table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "±0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "plus-minus"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric family-wide backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The merged family row applies the displayed value across model columns but does not disclose a test method.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI T-Series Actuator Technical Specifications",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/T-Series%2BDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, model columns and family-wide merged rows",
        "revision": "Updated 2024-07-25"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-h25-90",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-h25-90",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-h25-90",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "H25-90",
      "hardwareBoundary": "H25-90 column in the H-Series family table",
      "statementBoundary": "categorical-zero-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "None — harmonic-type reducer",
        "qualifier": "categorical-none"
      },
      "accuracy": {
        "label": "Angular accuracy",
        "displayedValue": "0.02°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.02,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point",
        "scope": "Manufacturer angular-accuracy row"
      },
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Categorical no-backlash wording plus a numeric angular-accuracy row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "“None” is preserved as a categorical manufacturer statement, not converted to measured zero and not treated as zero lost motion or zero compliance.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI H-Series Actuator Technical Specifications",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/H-SeriesDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, H25 model columns and family-wide merged rows"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-robotis-ph54-200-s500-r",
      "componentId": "cmp-robotis-ph54-200-s500-r",
      "componentSlug": "robotis-ph54-200-s500-r",
      "manufacturer": "ROBOTIS",
      "model": "PH54-200-S500-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "PH54-200-S500-R specification row",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "<6 arcmin / 0.1°",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin / °",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.1,
        "qualifier": "less-than"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric less-than backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The less-than sign is preserved; the page does not disclose the measurement method or a separate output-angle accuracy value.",
      "source": {
        "title": "ROBOTIS PH54-200-S500-R e-Manual",
        "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/dxl/p/ph54-200-s500-r/",
        "location": "Specifications, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-robotis-xm540-w270-r",
      "componentId": "cmp-robotis-xm540-w270-r",
      "componentSlug": "robotis-xm540-w270-r",
      "manufacturer": "ROBOTIS",
      "model": "XM540-W270-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "XM540-W270-T/R family row; R suffix uses RS-485",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "15 arcmin / 0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin / °",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The exact-model independent deployment record does not independently validate this backlash value.",
      "source": {
        "title": "ROBOTIS XM540-W270-T/R e-Manual",
        "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/dxl/x/xm540-w270/",
        "location": "Specifications, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-ak70-10",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-ak70-10",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-ak70-10",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AK70-10 KV100",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AK70-10 KV100 current product-specific table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "0.2°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.2,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The same page contains a separate unresolved weight conflict; neither that conflict nor the backlash row is silently harmonized.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AK70-10 KV100 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/ak70-10-kv100-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Product-specific specification table and AK-series comparison table"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-ak10-9-v3",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-ak10-9-v3",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-ak10-9-v3",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AK10-9 V3.0 KV60",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AK10-9 V3.0 KV60 row in the current AK-series comparison table",
      "statementBoundary": "qualitative-only",
      "backlash": null,
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Dual encoders are presented in positioning-accuracy language, but no numeric backlash value is published in the selected boundary.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "Encoder count and qualitative positioning language are not substituted for a backlash measurement.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AK70-10 KV100 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/ak70-10-kv100-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Product-specific specification table and AK-series comparison table"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-t8-3-plus",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-t8-3-plus",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-t8-3-plus",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "T8-3+",
      "hardwareBoundary": "T8-3+ column in the T-Series+ family table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "±0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "plus-minus"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric family-wide backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The family-wide merged row is retained as published and is not treated as a lost-motion or repeatability result.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI T-Series Actuator Technical Specifications",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/T-Series%2BDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, model columns and family-wide merged rows",
        "revision": "Updated 2024-07-25"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-t25-20",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-t25-20",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-t25-20",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "T25-20",
      "hardwareBoundary": "T25-20 column in the T-Series+ family table",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "±0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "plus-minus"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric family-wide backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The family-wide merged row is retained as published and is not treated as a lost-motion or repeatability result.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI T-Series Actuator Technical Specifications",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/T-Series%2BDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, model columns and family-wide merged rows",
        "revision": "Updated 2024-07-25"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-hebi-h25-45",
      "componentId": "cmp-hebi-h25-45",
      "componentSlug": "hebi-h25-45",
      "manufacturer": "HEBI Robotics",
      "model": "H25-45",
      "hardwareBoundary": "H25-45 column in the H-Series family table",
      "statementBoundary": "categorical-zero-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "None — harmonic-type reducer",
        "qualifier": "categorical-none"
      },
      "accuracy": {
        "label": "Angular accuracy",
        "displayedValue": "0.02°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.02,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point",
        "scope": "Manufacturer angular-accuracy row"
      },
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Categorical no-backlash wording plus a numeric angular-accuracy row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "“None” is not converted to measured zero; harmonic-drive compliance, hysteresis and lost motion remain separate questions.",
      "source": {
        "title": "HEBI H-Series Actuator Technical Specifications",
        "url": "https://docs.hebi.us/resources/datasheets/H-SeriesDatasheet.pdf",
        "location": "Technical specifications table, page 2, H25 model columns and family-wide merged rows"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-robotis-xh540-w150-r",
      "componentId": "cmp-robotis-xh540-w150-r",
      "componentSlug": "robotis-xh540-w150-r",
      "manufacturer": "ROBOTIS",
      "model": "XH540-W150-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "XH540-W150-T/R family row; R suffix uses RS-485",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "15 arcmin / 0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin / °",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The page does not publish a method, transmission-error curve or repeatability result beside the value.",
      "source": {
        "title": "ROBOTIS XH540-W150 e-Manual",
        "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/dxl/x/xh540-w150/",
        "location": "Specifications, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-robotis-xw540-t260-r",
      "componentId": "cmp-robotis-xw540-t260-r",
      "componentSlug": "robotis-xw540-t260-r",
      "manufacturer": "ROBOTIS",
      "model": "XW540-T260-R",
      "hardwareBoundary": "XW540-T260-R specification row",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "15 arcmin / 0.25°",
        "originalUnit": "arcmin / °",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.25,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The ingress rating and backlash claim answer different questions; no motion-error method is disclosed.",
      "source": {
        "title": "ROBOTIS XW540-T260 e-Manual",
        "url": "https://emanual.robotis.com/docs/en/dxl/x/xw540-t260/",
        "location": "Specifications, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-ak60-6-v3",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-ak60-6-v3",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-ak60-6-v3",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AK60-6 V3.0 KV80",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AK60-6 V3.0 KV80 current product page",
      "statementBoundary": "qualitative-only",
      "backlash": null,
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "The current page describes the actuator as low-backlash but provides no numeric value in the selected specification table.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "Qualitative low-backlash language is preserved as an explicit unknown numeric state.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AK60-6 V3.0 KV80 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/ak60-6-v3-0-kv80-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Current product description and performance-parameter table"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-ak80-64",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-ak80-64",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-ak80-64",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AK80-64 KV80",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AK80-64 KV80 current product page",
      "statementBoundary": "numeric-backlash",
      "backlash": {
        "label": "Backlash",
        "displayedValue": "0.18°",
        "originalUnit": "°",
        "normalizedMagnitudeDegrees": 0.18,
        "qualifier": "unsigned-point"
      },
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "Numeric manufacturer backlash row.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "The numeric value is not treated as an independent lost-motion curve or a complete positioning-error budget.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AK80-64 KV80 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/ak80-64-kv80-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Performance parameters, Backlash row"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "motion-cubemars-aka60-6",
      "componentId": "cmp-cubemars-aka60-6",
      "componentSlug": "cubemars-aka60-6",
      "manufacturer": "CubeMars",
      "model": "AKA60-6 KV80",
      "hardwareBoundary": "AKA60-6 KV80 current hollow-shaft product page",
      "statementBoundary": "qualitative-only",
      "backlash": null,
      "accuracy": null,
      "qualitativeLanguage": "The current page uses high-precision control language but provides no numeric backlash value in the selected specification table.",
      "appliedLoadOrTorqueDisclosed": false,
      "reversalProcedureDisclosed": false,
      "outputReferenceDisclosed": false,
      "instrumentDisclosed": false,
      "testTemperatureDisclosed": false,
      "conditioningOrCycleCountDisclosed": false,
      "metricDefinitionDisclosed": false,
      "lostMotionPublished": false,
      "transmissionErrorPublished": false,
      "repeatabilityPublished": false,
      "editorialBoundary": "Control-language wording and encoder bit depth are not substituted for backlash, transmission error or repeatability.",
      "source": {
        "title": "CubeMars AKA60-6 KV80 product page",
        "url": "https://www.cubemars.com/product/aka60-6-kv80-robotic-actuator.html",
        "location": "Current product description and performance-parameter table"
      },
      "verifiedDate": "2026-08-10"
    }
  ]
}